Overview of Mold Types: Dangers and Protective Measures

Mold fungi are ubiquitous in nature – wherever decomposing organic material is found, such as in forest soil or potting soil. Therefore, spores are also frequently detectable in the air. For a functioning ecosystem, mold fungi are essential.

If a suitable breeding ground is available, they settle quickly. Most types of mold are generally harmless to humans; some – such as Penicillium or noble mold – are even used intentionally. However, there are types that can lead to infections, allergic reactions, or asthma symptoms.

The building structure can also be damaged by prolonged exposure.

How Does Mold Get into the House?

The ubiquitous spores easily find suitable conditions if moisture and nutrients are present. These can be found in wood, wallpaper paste, or even in house dust.

What Types of Mold Fungi Are There?

There are over 250,000 types of mold fungi. Precise identification is usually only possible through genetic analysis – however, a rough classification is sufficient in a residential environment.

• Black molds/dark-pigmented molds
• Aspergillus (watering can mold)
• Pin mold (Mucor/Rhizopus)
• Penicillium
• Neurospora
• Wallemia

Color alone is not sufficient for reliable identification but can provide initial clues about potential hazards. A precise analysis is possible via a laboratory analysis – either through air samples or a contact sample directly from the affected area.

Black Mold

Dangerous species like Alternaria can release toxins (mycotoxins) and be harmful to health.

White Mold

Often difficult to detect, yet still a health concern – even if it appears inconspicuous.

Yellow Mold

Especially found on starchy foods. Produces aflatoxins, which are considered highly harmful to health.

Green Mold

Commonly found on food or in damp potting soil. Can also spread to ceilings and walls. Irritates mucous membranes and can cause headaches.

Red Mold

Also known as "baker's mold". Often affects wood, wallpaper, and grain products – with potentially toxic effects.

Health Effects

The higher the concentration of mold spores in the air, the greater the risk of irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic bronchitis or asthma – particularly dangerous for people with weakened immune systems.

How Can Mold Be Prevented?

• Maintain humidity at 30–50%
• Ventilate thoroughly several times a day, do not just tilt windows
• Immediately remove steam when cooking or showering (extractor hood / fan)
• Do not dry laundry in living areas
• Immediately remove spilled liquids
• Heat all rooms evenly, start early in the year
• Do not place furniture directly against exterior walls

How to Properly Remove Mold

Smaller colonies can be removed yourself – with protective clothing and caution:

• Wear gloves, a protective mask, and possibly a protective suit
• Keep windows open, avoid dust formation
• Do not eat or drink in the room
• Keep doors closed

Important: For larger infestations, a specialized company should definitely be consulted. Self-removal can lead to spore spreading and health hazards. Pre-drying the infestation should also be avoided, as this promotes spore release.